First of all, help the baby to hear and understand himself. Ask what the color of his mood, in which part of the body he feels irritated, and in what - sadness. So the kid learns to better orient themselves in their own sensations and highlight the events (irritants) that cause him or her some emotions.
So, you, together with the child, figured out the reasons for his bad mood, and what kind of sensations he is experiencing. Now - help him overcome negative emotions.
As a rule, all children learn from their parents that one should not take out their irritation and anger on surrounding people, animals and even objects. From an early age, we are told that to be angry and express your anger is bad, a priori. Kids are punished for aggressive acts against other people, or for a stone thrown into a pigeon - which is understandable. But, the child, also receives punishment for the spoiled thing in anger. Of course, we should not allow children to spoil expensive things because of the bad mood. But, unfortunately, parents rarely guess that the child needs to offer an alternative. And, instead of beating beautiful dishes, you can "lower steam" on specially prepared objects for such purposes.
"Anger sheet" is a great way to relieve tension. On the Internet, you can find many pictures that are drawn specifically for such cases. Print this sheet - let it hang in the nursery above the workplace (but not right before your eyes) and wait for your time. What's easier: in a moment of irritation, rip the sheet off the wall, crush, trample, and then break into a thousand small pieces and throw it into the trash can. An even more effective way: the kid should draw a cast of anger himself. If you see that the child has lost his temper, ask him to paint on the blank sheet an object of irritation. Then let the kid paint the green mustache, bruise under the eye, "harden" it. Or - attach the sheet as a target to the door and shoot it with chewed paper from a tube.
"Bobo Pillow" - the subject for the expulsion of physical aggression. Get a special pillow (or - a boxing pear), which the child could beat from the heart. You can draw on her eyes or make inscriptions "villain", "Mr. Gnus", etc. But, do not use soft toys and dolls for these purposes.
After anger and irritation got out, and the baby calmed down a bit, it's time to discuss what happened. Disassemble the situation, an angry little man and together look for a constructive way out: figure out how to be so that the situation does not happen again. Or, if there is a great chance that this will happen, yet - work out a plan on how to react to such an event the next time.
The feeling of resentment is familiar to every child. And in relation to adults, there are two extremes to childish grievances. The first: the child is not allowed to express an insult. They are ashamed. They cause a complex of guilt, making it clear that this is an "incorrect" emotion. "They carry water on the offended", "Do not blow your lip - you'll burst" - often the baby hears that has shown that he is offended. The result of this attitude is sad: the child feels "bad", since he experiences a condemned feeling, and is forced to hide his sorrows from his parents. The second: parents rush to fulfill any desire of the child, if only his grievance has passed, and, thus - are growing out of the kid of an experienced manipulator. Children who are accustomed to controlling their parents by showing offense, even when they are of age, continue emotional blackmail of relatives.
In dealing with the child, these "excesses" must be avoided. Be sure to let your son or daughter express your resentment. Be attentive to the kid: even if you just listen to him, you will help to relieve him of stress. Often, after agreeing and seeing the support of relatives, the child realizes that he has already stopped taking offense. If the baby continues to experience negative emotions, help to rationalize his insult: together, "put everything on the shelves," together decide how to change the situation so that it ceases to hurt the feelings of the child. Having worked out a plan and got your support, he should get a lot of fun.
But, do not encourage the game "in insult." If a child tries to manipulate you, pouting your lips - do not go on an occasion. Try to defuse the situation with a joke. If this does not help, try not to pay attention to the baby for some time: after losing sight of the spectators, the "young tragedian" will stop the performance.
If the child is sad, it is best if you can alone talk about the grief that has befallen him. Be serious. Do not joke, even if his trouble seems trivial to you. Show respect for the feelings of the baby. Express support from the heart, avoiding banal insensitive words. Try to cheer the child only after he says everything he wanted about his misfortune, and, perhaps, will be paid. Corporal contact with a close person is extremely important - take the kid by the hand, hug - and he will feel much stronger and overcome the sadness more quickly.
To negative emotions can be attributed, also melancholy. When a child misses the fact that he will return to him after some time (my mother left on a business trip, or the child left the home for the summer for the summer), then the most effective way to help overcome the longing and endure to the long-awaited hour - something to carry away the kid: offer an interesting lesson, read an exciting adventure book. You can think of special "expectant" rituals for each day - as if to help bring the desired. If the child is sad for the irretrievably lost (the death of a loved one, the death of a pet, moving to a permanent place of residence in another country), let me work out the psychological mechanisms associated with the loss, supporting the child.
So, we examined how to help the child and yourself overcome negative emotions. But remember that no matter what the child's grief, the best thing that will help a kid to cope with negative emotions is his unshakable confidence in your love.