Forms of upbringing of children left without parents

The problem of educating children left without parents is now very urgent. Unfortunately, the number of orphans is growing. At the same time, at present new forms of education of children left without parents, in which they try to take into account the peculiarities of the psychological development of children in the family, and create conditions that are as close as possible to them.

By law, guardianship or guardianship is established over all children who have been left without parental care. Guardianship is established over children up to the age of 14 years, and guardianship - over children aged 14 to 18 years.

When raising children in an orphanage, the guardian is the state. Unfortunately, the upbringing of children in an orphanage in itself has many drawbacks and is exacerbated by the costs of the current system. In some orphanages, more than 100 children are being brought up. Such upbringing is the least like parenting, often children from an orphanage have no idea how to survive outside its walls. They lack the formation of some social skills. Despite the fact that graduates of orphanages are trying to build their families, in any case not to leave their own children, according to statistics, more than 17% of current residents of orphanages - representatives of the 2nd generation left without parents. In children's homes, family ties between brothers and sisters are often destroyed: children of different ages are often placed in different institutions, one of the children is transferred to another place as punishment for bad behavior or study. Brothers and sisters can also be separated when one of the children is adopted.

There are such forms of upbringing of children, as families-trustees and foster families.

Taking into custody can not be equated with adoption in any legal or moral sense. The fact that children are in custody does not absolve their real parents from the obligation to support children. The guardians are paid a child support allowance, but it is considered that the trustee performs his duties free of charge. A child under guardianship can live on their own living space or together with their real parents. When appointing a person as a trustee, his or her moral image and relations that have developed between the guardian and the child, as well as between the guardian family members and the child, are taken into account. The advantage of this method of taking care of orphaned children is that becoming a trustee is much easier than adopting a child. After all, sometimes there are cases when a family can not take a child from an orphanage because his real parents did not give up their parental rights to the child. On the other hand, the trustee can not always exert sufficient influence on the child and can not become a foster parent for him. This form of raising children is not suitable for people who take on the upbringing of a child to replace the absence of native children.

Foster families were legalized in 1996. When transferring the child to the foster family, a foster child transfer contract is drawn up between the foster family and the guardianship authority. Foster parents are paid for custody of the child. In addition, foster parents are provided with discounts for utilities, extended holidays, preferential vouchers for the sanatorium, etc. At the same time, foster parents must keep a record of the funds allocated to the child in writing and provide an annual report on expenditures. It is quite difficult for a foster family to take a child with poor health, or a disabled child, because for this it is necessary to fulfill a number of mandatory conditions in the financial and everyday terms. Nevertheless, a foster family can be a better option for a child than an orphanage.

Since people do not so often seek to adopt children or take them to their families, and upbringing in standard type children's homes has many shortcomings in pedagogical and psychological relationships, an intermediate version appeared-the SOS villages. The first SOS village was opened in Austria in 1949. The village is a children's institution from several houses. In each house there is a family of 6-8 children and a "mother". In addition to the "mother", the children also have an "aunt", which replaces the mother on weekends and during holidays. To ensure that the houses do not look the same, the mother of every house receives money for its arrangement, and buys all the things in the house itself. This form of education is close to education in the family, but still has a disadvantage - the children are deprived of their father. This means that they will not be able to obtain psychological skills in dealing with men, and will not see an example of how men behave in everyday life.

In relation to all forms of upbringing of children left without parents, adoption or adoption still remains a priority and the best for the child form. Adoption between the child and the adoptive parents establishes the same legal and psychological relationship as between the parents and the child. It gives the adopted children the opportunity to have the same living conditions and the same upbringing as in their own family.