Anomalies of labor are called violations in the contractile activity of the uterus. This leads to deviations in the mechanisms of the opening of the cervix and passage of the fetus through the birth canal. The reasons for such a pathology may be changes in such indicators as the tone of the uterus, duration, intervals, intensity, frequency, rhythm and coordination of contractions.
Violations of the preliminaries. The preparatory period, when precursors of labor are revealed, normally passes into the preliminaries, followed by births. Usually the preliminaries last about 6 hours and gradually go into regular contractions. In the case of violations in the preliminaries, certain symptoms appear. They are irregular in frequency, intensity and duration of cramping pains in the lower abdomen, near the waist and sacrum. Such pain can last more than 6 hours. Together with them, the daily rhythm of wakefulness and sleep is disturbed, which leads to fatigue of the woman. The clinical picture is accompanied by an increased tone of the uterus, a high location of the presenting part of the fetus, an "immature" cervix of the uterus. Despite the fights, there is no dynamics in opening the cervix.
Weak labor activity (inertia of the uterus, hypoactivity) consists in low intensity, frequency and duration of contractions. This causes a slow smoothing of the cervix, a weak opening of the cervical canal and passage of the fetus. The weakness of labor is primary and secondary. So the primary weakness appears from the beginning of childbirth and remains until the end. And the secondary replaces normal generic activity. The frequency of occurrence of mild labor in the total population of parturients is 5-6%.
Excessive labor activity is common in nervous and easily excitable women in labor. It is assumed that it is caused by violations of cortico-visceral regulation and the synthesis of contractile substances in high portions (acetylcholine, oxytocin, prostaglandin, etc.). The diagnosis of excessive labor activity is established on the basis of a very rapid and sudden onset of labor. Expressed in violent bouts, which follow one another at short intervals and cause rapid opening of the uterus of the uterus. In this situation, childbirth is called impetuous, as they pass within 1-3 hours. Rapid births are dangerous for the health of women and children. Often they end with deep vaginal ruptures, cervix, perineum, clitoris. There is a high risk of premature placental abruption. The fetus often experiences intrauterine hypoxia and receives birth trauma. There are many cases when swift births took place directly on the street or in transport.
Discoordinated labor activity . This pathology is associated with the lack of coordinated contractions of various parts of the uterus. Disturbances are observed between the left and right halves of the uterus, its upper and lower parts, between other parts of the uterus. Discoordination is manifested by hypertension of the uterus, convulsive contractions, contractions of the circular muscles of the uterus. With this pathology contractions become irregular, painful. A woman suffers from severe pain in the lower back and lower abdomen. Palpation of the uterus reveals an uneven muscle tension in its various parts. The study of contractile activity of the uterus on multichannel recording determines the arrhythmia and asynchrony of contractions in various departments. Usually there are fights of different duration and intensity, the uterus is in an increased tone, the cervix is often "immature", the opening is slow. The pre-existing part of the infant remains mobile for a long time or is pressed into the entrance to the small pelvis. After a certain time, the woman is tired, the birth slows down or stops altogether. Owing to violations of uterine-placental circulation, fetal hypoxia is often observed. Posterior and early postpartum periods are fraught with bleeding.