One way to reduce the number of abortions - there is widespread use of contraceptives.
The choice of method of contraception is carried out taking into account many factors - non-contraceptive properties that can be used to improve women's health and prevent a number of gynecological diseases, the reliability of the method, its safety, and the individual attitude of the woman to the contraceptive. The effectiveness of any contraceptive is expressed by the Perl index, which is determined by the number of pregnancies in 100 women who used this method for a year.
Among contraceptive methods distinguish:
- hormonal
- intrauterine devices
- barrier
- surgical
- Postcoital.
Hormonal method of contraception.
To this end, such means are used:
- combined (estrogen-gestagenic) oral contraceptives;
- gestagenic oral contraceptives (mili-drank);
- Prolonged injectable contraceptives;
- Implant contraceptives.
There are single components that contain only one progestin and combined oral contraceptives.
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are very effective agents that contain an estrogenic and progestational component.
COC inhibit the production of hormones that contribute to ovulation. Changes in the endometrium, while taking COC, do not allow the fertilized egg to be implanted. And also COC help to reduce lost blood during menstrual bleeding, reduce the duration of menstruation, pain, reduce the risk of developing some inflammatory diseases.
Deficiencies include conditions that sometimes occur when taking COCs. In the first place, this is insignificant nausea, headache, dizziness, worsening mood.
Advantages of the method are : high efficiency, ease of use, recurrence, a positive effect on childbearing function and in general on the female body (skin, hair) improves. Women who regularly and for a long time (at least 2 years) take COC significantly reduces the frequency of oncological diseases of the reproductive system, the development of mastopathy and postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Contraindication to the use of COC is pregnancy, vascular disorders at the moment or in the anamnesis (hypertension, thrombophlebitis, IHS, strokes). You can not take smoking women after the age of 35, with liver disease that is accompanied by a violation of its function, hormone-dependent tumors, the presence of bleeding of uncertain etiology, obesity.
Gestagenic oral contraceptives .
They include only progestins. The gestagenic contraceptives are more effective in older women. They are often prescribed for painful and profuse menstruation, mastalgia, premenstrual syndrome. One of the most important circumstances is that gestagenic drugs can be taken during lactation.
Prolonged injectable contraceptives.
There are combined estrogen-gestagenic injectable contraceptives and one-component ones, which include progestogens of prolonged action. In this group of drugs, the most common is the depot-provera.
Recently, they use gestagenic implantation drugs . these preparations in the form of capsules are implanted under the skin. This provides a contraceptive effect for five years.
Intrauterine device contraception (IUD).
Uterine "spirals" are used for intrauterine contraception. They reduce the viability of spermatozoa, enhance the spermicidal properties of the endometrium, reduce the viability of the egg, promote antiperistalsis of the fallopian tubes.
If fertilization has taken place, the onset of pregnancy is hampered by: a change in the peristalsis of the tubes and the contractile function of the uterus, a change in metabolic processes in the endometrium.
Hormonal intrauterine contraceptives (Mirena), in addition, secrete a hormone and cause hormone-conditioned contraceptive effects.
Contraindications to IUD: can not be used in pregnancy, cancer of the uterus or cervix, uterine bleeding, infections of the genital tract. If there was an ectopic pregnancy in the anemnesis, then the use of IUDs is only possible if other contraceptives are contraindicated.
Barrier methods of contraception.
These include: male condoms, vaginal diaphragms, cervical caps and spermicides.
Barrier methods of contraception carry out mechanical obstacles to the entry of sperm to the vagina (condom), and the cervix (caps, diaphragms), inactivate the sperm (spermicide). Spermicides exist in various forms - creams, jellies, foaming tablets, sponges.
A positive feature of some barrier methods of contraception is that they have the property to some extent to prevent the spread of sexual infections. Condoms are made of latex and are highly effective against HIV infection and hepatitis B and C viruses.
Surgical contraception is widely used in many countries of the world. The effectiveness of this type of contraception reaches 100%, although the cases of pregnancy and after sterilization are described. Female sterilization is carried out by occluding the fallopian tubes in laparoscopic surgery, and the male one by dressing the vas deferens. The disadvantage of this method is its non-negotiability.
Postcoital contraception is used when a sexual act, unprotected by other methods, has already taken place. Use COC - 2-4 tablets, not later than 72 hours after sexual intercourse twice in 12 hours.
Dinazol, postinor is consumed in the first 72 hours twice in 12 hours.
There is also a temperature method of contraception . It is based on abstinence from sexual contact 3 days before and 3-4 days after ovulation. To determine the day of ovulation use a basal temperature test and a table. Special programs can be downloaded on the Internet and only enter baseline temperatures every day. The program itself determines the day of ovulation.