Preschool age is a period when a child actively learns the world around him. Preschool children have their own psychological developmental features. Starting to walk, the child makes a lot of discoveries, gets acquainted with the objects that are in the room, in the street, in the kindergarten. Picking up various objects, examining them, listening to the sounds that come from the subject, he knows what qualities and properties this object has. During this period, the child is formed visually-figurative and visual-efficient thinking.
At 5-6 years of age the child, like a sponge, absorbs all the information. Scientists have proved that in this age period the child will remember so much information, how much later he will never remember in life. This is the period when the child is interested in everything that can expand his horizons and in this he helps the world around him.
Emotional sphere
In general, preschool age is characterized by calm emotionality. They do not have conflicts and strong affective outbreaks for minor reasons. But this does not mean that the saturation of the emotional life of the child will decrease. After all, the day of the preschooler is filled with emotions so much that by the evening the child is tired and comes to complete exhaustion.
During this period, the structure of emotional processes also changes. Earlier, motor and vegetative reactions were included in emotional processes, which are preserved in preschool children, but the external expression of emotions acquires a more restrained form. The preschooler begins to mourn and rejoice not only from the work that he is doing now, but also from what he will do in the future.
Everything that a preschooler does - draws, plays, molds, constructs, helps the mother, doing household chores - must have a bright emotional coloring, otherwise things will quickly collapse or not happen at all. This is because the child at this age is not able to perform work that is not interesting to him.
Motivational sphere
Subordination of motives is considered the most important personal mechanism, which is formed during this period. Preschool age is a time when subordination of motives begins to manifest itself, which then continues to develop consistently. If the child simultaneously had several desires, then for him it was an almost insoluble situation (it was difficult for him to decide the choice). Over time, the preschooler acquires a different significance and strength and can easily make a decision in terms of choice. In time, the child will learn to suppress his immediate motives and will no longer react to tempting objects, because he will have stronger motives that will serve as "limiters."
For the schoolboy, the strongest motive is the reward, encouragement. A weaker motive is punishment, but the child's own promise is generally a weak motive. It is useless for children to demand promises, and it is harmful, because children do not fulfill their promises in a number of cases, and a number of unfulfilled vows and assurances develop carelessness and non-mandatoryness in the child. The weakest is the direct prohibition to do anything, especially if the ban is not reinforced by additional motives.
The child during this period assimilates the ethical norms that are accepted in society, learns to evaluate actions, taking into account the norms of morality, their behavior adjusts to these norms. The child has an ethical experience. First, the child evaluates other people's actions, for example, literary heroes or other children, because their actions can not yet be evaluated.
At this age, an important indicator is the estimated attitude of the preschooler toward others and himself. Preschool children are often critical of their shortcomings, their peers are given personal characteristics, note the relationship between the child and the adult, as well as between the adult and the adult. However, parents are an example for children. Therefore, it is important for parents to put positive information in the child, whether it be personal or intellectual information, it should not instill fear, anxiety or insult into the child.
When a child reaches 6-7 years of age, he begins to remember himself in the past, to realize in the present, to represent in the future.