Surfaces should be kept under organic mulch or in loose, clean from weeds state at a distance of one meter from the line of the row (trunk). The remaining area between the water can be used for the construction of vegetable crops, potatoes or earthworms until the beginning of good fruiting of trees. In subsequent years, the protective zone (barbel stripe) to the periphery of the crown is contained in a loose weed-weed state.
In the first year, no additional fertilizing of plants is required. If the tree during the summer did not unify the leaves, but still remains alive (as often happens with pears), it must be preserved and help to winter. The next year you will see that the plant is developing normally.
Before the soil is freezed, the fruit trees are tied up or treated with a special emulsion. The harness reliably protects the trunks from sunburn. In the lower part, the dressing material is sprinkled with soil so that the rodents can not penetrate inside. In the places where hares are spread, the tree is tied entirely or only by the stem, and the crown is treated with an emulsion. Do not throw poisoned baits in the garden, this leads to the death of birds and many useful animals.
Soil cultivation
As already noted, the soil in rows between rows and in the row before the beginning of good fruiting (up to 5-7 years) is contained in a loose and clean state of weeds, and the root crop for the first 3-4 years is kept under organic mulch. Under the canopy they loosen radially to a depth of eight to ten centimeters, the limits of the crown are eighteen to twenty-two centimeters. To keep a near-barley under organic mulch constantly does not follow, as it stimulates the surface development of the roots. In the future, the entire area under fruit crops can be removed, that is, plant a mixture of perennial grasses, consisting of clover and grass grasses. From cereal grasses, rootless plants are recommended: bluegrass, meadow grass, fescue, ryegrass pasture, burbot, timothy grass and rootless wheatgrass. The mixture can consist of 5-6 species of plants. A gas mixture is also suitable for this purpose. During the summer, the herbage as far as the growth to 12-15 cm is systematically undermined, and the mass remains in place, that is, a sod-humus litter is created. Sod-humus system of soil content in the garden does not inhibit fruit trees during watering, promotes better coloring and storage of fruits during storage, improves their taste qualities, increases the resistance of fruits to diseases.
Fertilizer fertilization
Fruit crops are characterized by an economical expenditure of nutrients, which are contained in the soil. If the planting of trees is carried out in accordance with the recommendations, additional fertilizers do not contribute to the first two good fruits (up to 5-7 years). The need for fertilizer application can arise if the annual growth of the main and semi-basic branches is less than 40-50 cm. In such cases, plants in the period of active shoot growth should be fed with mineral fertilizers (15-20 g) or organic fertilizers with a high nitrogen content (half a bucket of chicken manure diluted in 8-10 divorce, per square meter of the stump circle). Fertilizers are introduced into wells or grooves, then watered and loosened the soil. However, nitrogen fertilizers should not be taken for granted. They, of course, will ensure a good growth of shoots, but at the same time they will reduce winter hardiness. In this case, all shoots longer than 70 cm are shortened so that the crown is not overgrown, that is, it stops excessive unproductive growth.
From the soil of the fruit trees are alienated food elements - fruits and partially cut branches, if they are not burned in place and there is no ash. The cost per 1 ton of fruit is 3.0-7.0 kg, phosphorus - 1.6-3.0 kg, potassium - 4.0-7.5 kg. Depending on the yield, nutrients are removed, ion is the level for replenishing the soil with nitrogen and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, taking into account the coefficient of their use. If organic fertilizers are introduced, then it is also necessary to take into account the nitrogen content, phosphorus potassium in organic fertilizers. A number of researchers have noted the low efficiency of mineral fertilizers without irrigation.
There are various ways of introducing fertilizers. Depending on the condition of the plantations, the main method of fertilization, root and foliar fertilizers are recommended.
With the basic method, organic and mineral fertilizers, vegetable ash, meliorative substances are introduced. In all garden areas, it is desirable to combine fertilization with soil cultivation, which provides a deeper placement of roots in the soil, increases the resistance of plants to extreme conditions. For this sixth-eighth year on the one side of the row from the periphery of the crown, aside from the water, a trench is dredged up to a width and depth of 40-60 cm. The upper layer of the soil is stored separately from the lower layers. Potassium fertilizers make up 20-25 grams, and phosphorus fertilizers - 10-15 grams per square meter. If ash is introduced, then potassium fertilizers are reduced by half or completely.
Estimated annual dosage of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers on the whole area of feeding the fruit tree is increased 3-fold and poured onto the upper fertile layer ejected from the trench. Here organic fertilizers are added at the rate of 5-89 kg per square meter and meliorative substances (lime, gypsum, ml, etc.) in unnecessary quantities. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied at the rate of 20 g per square meter. All fertilizers are thoroughly mixed with the soil and dumped in a trench, the mixture in the trench is slightly compacted. Unfilled part of the trench is covered with soil layers. This is done immediately after harvesting. After two or three years, another side of a number of trees is treated in a similar way. Such a dressing provides a normal nutrition of plants for 5-6 years. At the end of this period, similar processing is carried out elsewhere. So gradually there is a deep cultivation of the soil under the fruit trees, normal nutrition of plants and the most efficient use of fertilizers.
Fertilizers can be made with the help of a hydrodrill (in liquid form), as well as in wells made with crowbar or special metal rods (in dry or liquid viscous). Nitrogen fertilizers are applied annually to a depth of 15-20 cm. On sandy soils, it is better to introduce them fractional: 1/3 of the calculated norm - in the early spring after the descent of snow, 1-3 - in the phase of active growth of shoots and 1/3 - after harvesting. In the areas with fertile and cohesive soils, half of the calculated norm of nitrogen fertilizers is introduced in early spring, the other half after harvesting. In the year of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer application and manure, a full norm of nitrogen fertilizers is added to them after harvesting. In place of nitrogen, grout can be introduced into the grouted and solid form of poultry and mullein.
After the removal of the plantation, it is useful to treat it with a 5-7% urea solution. Such treatment improves the autumn nitrogen nutrition of plants and reduces their morbidity.
Inefficiently surface application of fertilizers.
Good vamurozhaya!