Any difficult situation requires instant reaction and correct behavior. Before calling an ambulance, moms and dads need to understand what threatens the child's life and eliminate this threat.
Of course, when a crumb is unconscious, he does not have a pulse or breathing, it is not so easy to help a kid. It is necessary to be able to conduct cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and this you can only be taught at specialized courses on the provision of first therapeutic care. But in less extreme cases, to be able to quickly and competently alleviate the suffering of a child is simply necessary.
Foreign body
Foreign body, which fell deep into the wound, in the ear or the respiratory tract can not be extracted independently.
If the child slightly choked, induce him to cough. To do this, sharply tilt the baby forward from the position, standing, holding his stomach. At all do not turn the children upside down and especially do not shake. This sometimes helps, but is fraught with damage to the cervical vertebrae and the central nervous system. You can not also knock hard on the back - so you can hammer a foreign body further into the bronchi.
The baby should be placed on the abdomen and, holding his head, tap lightly on the lower back. An older child is bent over his knee and also tap on the back.
Bleeding
If the blood oozes or drips from the wound, it is necessary to rinse the damaged area with clean water and soap, treat it with hydrogen peroxide, miramistin or another antiseptic, apply a clean bandage. Forget about iodine (it burns wounds and leaves poorly healing scars) and zelenka (it dries the skin too much).
If the child has a strong bleeding, you need to make a special padding and put it on the wound (the sterile bandage is best for these purposes), and put a tight bandage on top (not to be confused with the tourniquet!). If the blood flows, you can put another bandage on top of the first, but a maximum of 3 bandages! As a rule, this is enough.
After the blood is stopped and the wound is bandaged, you can take the child to the emergency room.
If the fountain of blood beats from the wound, it means that the artery is damaged and can not do without a tourniquet. If you did not pass a special course, and the tourniquet is still necessary, then remember that:
- Apply the tourniquet to the lower third of the shoulder or to the upper third of the thigh (but always above the wound);
- You can not put a tourniquet on the victim's clothes and on the naked body, place a thin cloth under the tourniquet;
- In winter, the burn is applied for a maximum of 30 minutes, in the summer - for an hour.
It is important to accurately record the time. A longer time of application of the tourniquet may threaten the loss of the limb. If the child has blood from the nose, ask him to lower his head down and put a cold bandage or ice on his nose and forehead, but no more than for 7-10 minutes. Usual nosebleeds during this time should stop. If it does not stop, go to the doctor. Do not ask to throw your head up. Then the blood will flow into the stomach, can cause vomiting, and then instead of the otolaryngologist, the gastroenterologists will conjure up the baby.
With a nose injury, the same cold and an urgent trip to the emergency room will help!
Bites of animals and insects
Animal bites are usually determined by doctors as "dirty dirty wounds." They are washed, treated with an antiseptic, and a clean bandage is applied to the bite site, after which it is possible to go to the doctor, except that only snake bites.
They are extremely dangerous, we need competent and prompt action. Bandage is best with an elastic bandage in the direction from the heart to the fingers. Apply ice (necessarily wrapped in tissue) to the place of bite, provide the child with peace and urgently go to the doctor who injects the antidote. On the way, give the child plenty of food - the kidneys for removing the poison will need help.
The sting of a bee can cause a tragedy, so it is necessary to impose a cold on the bite site, to give the child to drink water.
Mite bites can be more dangerous. These insects are the bearer of many dangerous diseases, in particular borreliosis and encephalitis. Thus the tick does not just bite, but stays in the wound and continues to drink blood. It is best to take the child to the hospital, where an experienced doctor will pull out the parasite and inject the medicine. Self-pull the mite can be using a loop of thread. We throw it on the protruding body of the tick and rotate it out of the wound with rotational movements. You can not leave the head of the tick: the place of bite, most likely, is bent. The head is pulled out like an ordinary splinter with a needle. The place of bite must be treated with alcohol.
First aid in each case will be different, and treatment of the fourth degree of a burn is subject only to physicians, do not try to do anything yourself. First, you need to remove the effect of the damaging factor, in other words, eliminate what causes the burn. Do not tear off burnt tissue from the body! Leave it in place, with this will understand the doctor. Burn the place cool. The cold anesthetizes and will not let defeat spread deeper into the tissue.
In case of a burn, it is enough to lower the burned place in cold running water. After - apply an anesthetic spray and apply a sterile bandage. First, a damp clean bandage is applied to the sore spot, and only then water is poured on it. It is very important with burns to give the baby a copious cool drink, it will help the kidneys cope with the elimination of toxins.
Cases when, with burns, a trip to the doctor is necessary, namely:
- if a child has received a burn before the year;
- burn the groin;
- any burn of the face, neck and head;
- burn breasts in girls;
- burn of the elbow or knee bend;
- upper respiratory tract burn;
- eye burns.
You should smear the burnt areas with creams, ointments, sprinkle with soda or pour with urine. Burn is the defeat of tissue, which is thinned and becomes very vulnerable. With urine, an infection can be introduced, in addition, it is not cold and will not stop tissue damage. Greasy creams and ointments will not allow the skin to "breathe", and soda will only increase the pain effect.
Do not use chemical "antidotes." For example, if you burn with acid, you can not pour alkali on this place. The child will receive a double burn: from acid and from alkali.
Frostbites
When frostbite, you should not give the crumb a lot to drink, and also rub, frost, or artificially warm the damaged area. All these actions can lead to loss of the limb. To cope with frostbite, apply a heat-insulating bandage (woolen cloth, for example) to the damaged area (strictly along its border!), Give the child hot sweet tea and take the baby to the doctor.
To determine the degree of frostbite, it takes from 6 to 32 hours. But in any case, you need to see a doctor.
Subcooling
When the first signs of hypothermia appear, the child should be warmed, give a very warm sweet tea and feed, since the body in this situation needs energy especially to recover.
It is best to put the baby in a bath with a water temperature of 36-38 C (not more!) For about 15 minutes. Also, physical and psychological stresses should be limited until the baby completely regains strength.
Temperature, heat stroke
Remember that 38.5 C is the threshold to which the body is struggling with the disease. Before this (in infants - up to 38 ° C), the temperature should not be brought down. If it rises higher, take action. There are many drugs, including children's, with which you can lower the temperature, but almost all of them have a negative effect on blood.
Pour the water in the bath strictly one degree lower than the reading of the thermometer, after measuring the temperature in the crumbs. In water it is better to lower the same mercury thermometer, the readings will be more accurate. It is not necessary to raise the temperature of the water, it is an excellent heat conductor and, as it cools down, it will take away excess heat from the baby. 20-30 minutes, 2-3 times a day.
Wet wrap and cold compress on the forehead. Do not put ice on unprotected skin! So you can get frostbite. The ice is wrapped in a cloth and put on for 10-15 minutes, no more. In wiping, you can add a little table vinegar.
To wrap the baby, wet the sheet in warm water - the sheet will cool, and the water, evaporating, will take with it an extra heat.
Let's crumb a copious acidified drink (unsweetened mors, water with lemon). Do not wear diapers on a sick kid and do not wrap it in a blanket. With a solar or thermal shock, the child's body is cooled by the same methods. Ensure the flow of air, but make sure that the baby does not subcool.
Fainting
Fainting, as a rule, passes through 5-10 minutes, longer than 10 minutes - this is a loss of consciousness and a weighty reason to call a doctor immediately.
Do not try to bring the baby into yourself with the help of ammonia or shaking. If the body "disconnected" for a short while, then it will also smoothly "turn on" back. What if the child faints? Raise his legs to increase the flow of blood to the head.
Ensure fresh air is entering the room. After the baby wakes up, give him a warm sweet tea. Regular fainting is an occasion to consult a doctor.
Tummy aches
Problems with the abdomen can be divided into three types: blunt abdominal trauma, "sharp" abdomen and poisoning.The signs of blunt trauma are non-localized, pulling and dull pain, pallor, sticky cold sweat, frequent shallow breathing, thirst.Sometimes there is nausea and vomiting, hard on touch the stomach, desire to fold into the embryo posture Help: cold on the abdomen, peace and urgent hospitalization.
The first signs are pallor and nausea. 85% of poisonings are due to the fact that the baby ate or drank something wrong. Rinse the stomach (3-5 cups of warm boiled water and no drugs!) Until the water going back becomes transparent. After that you can give a glass of cool water. If the poisoning has occurred through the respiratory tract, you need to bring the child to fresh air and take it to a doctor. If a poisonous substance has got into the blood, you need to induce vomiting once, then give cool water.
Do not know what the baby was poisoned with? You can take a sample of vomiting to the doctor. True, not all hospitals will investigate it, but in large medical institutions this will facilitate the work of the doctor.
Injuries
If the child hit his head, attach to the place of injury for 10-15 minutes wrapped in a tissue of a packet of ice.
The kid has lost consciousness or looks lost, shows the braked reaction, it is excruciated with a nausea and a headache? Call an ambulance and watch for the patency of his respiratory tract .If unconscious, put the crumb on its side so that it does not accidentally choke.
Since without an X-ray, if even a fracture is not open, even an experienced doctor can not determine the presence or absence of a fracture, rescuers use one rule: any trauma is a potential fracture. Therefore, you must act with caution:
- as the limb is broken, so fix it, without changing the position;
- fix all the joints on one joint above and below the fracture;
- if there is no special tire, then there should be something soft (cotton wool, cloth) between the latch (rigid structure) and the foot or hand;
- break the ribs tightly bandage on exhalation. However, remember that it is right to bandage hands and feet, fix broken collarbone, spine and skull base can be learned only on special courses. With open fractures, first stop the blood, then fix the fracture.
Shock
Every trauma is stress, which means that a shock can happen in any case. Each first aid should be completed with anti-shock drugs:
- Warm the baby (cover it and give a warm sweet drink);
- talk to the injured child quietly, calmly and kindly.
In severe shock, do not give the baby sedatives, the reaction can be unpredictable. This will make the specialist doctor, if necessary.
All over the world, the standards of the first therapeutic aid adopted by the Red Cross are in effect. Everyone can learn about them on special courses, where they learn to act correctly and quickly in difficult situations, practice on the manikins equipped with sensors and undergo the fundamentals of anatomy.