Young parents, especially when they have a firstborn, are concerned about many different issues. And among them, not the last place is occupied by issues affecting the psychological development of children under one year. Such curiosity is fully justified - understanding what a child should be able to do, what norms of his behavior exist at certain stages of development, you can take timely measures and avoid possible problems.
The child already from the very birth interacts with parents and people nearby. From about three months ago, he is beginning to show an increased interest in the world around him. During the first year of life, if there is no pathology and no deviations in development, the baby learns a lot. For example, he learns to hold his head, crawl, be in an upright position, make his first steps. The psychological state of the child also undergoes changes. His character, habits, reflexes and stable personal connections are formed. This happens in stages, from month to month. It is important for parents to know these stages and be prepared for certain difficulties arising on each of them.
Stages of psychological development of children under one year
A newborn baby sleeps most of the time. The longest period of active wakefulness at this stage can be up to 30 minutes. At this age the child is able to react to sound, light and pain. He already has short-term visual and auditory concentration. The baby has well expressed sucking, yawning, swallowing and other reflexes.
At the age of one month the baby becomes more and more active. The total time of wakefulness gradually increases to an hour. The child can already quite well fix his sight. He follows the subject, but while he can not turn his head behind the moving object. Physically, he can do it, but he does not yet build psychological ties between the object and its movement. At this stage, the baby is already beginning to try to pass on to the adults their emotions. He does this, mainly with the help of shouting, miming or groaning.
If you saw a two-month-old baby on the face of a smile - know that this is not an accident. By this age he is able to smile consciously. Moreover, he can already perfectly follow the toy. Sometimes a child begins to turn his head, as soon as an interesting subject for him is taken to the side. It is during this period that your son or daughter begins to build their first conscious dialogues: in response to your treatment, the kid revives and gushes.
The child in three months already clearly recognizes his mother. He easily distinguishes it from standing next to people, can adequately respond to the appeal to him. One of the main achievements of this age is the development of independence. A kid can already play with a toy suspended above him or look at his own hands. This indicates the development of a clear desire for independence, to the assertion of one's personality. The child laughs, watching the subject, actively turning his head.
At four months the child looks at the interesting fixed object for a long time, holds the rattle tightly in his hands, finds his mother's eyes and watches her closely, laughs gurgolingly. A toddler at this age can already be left for a while in the crib alone during the waking period. He can play independently for a long period of time. The time of active knowledge of the world around us reaches two hours.
A five-month-old "speech" is distinguished by special melodiousness and musicality. The child already clearly demonstrates a variety of emotions, distinguishes any intonations of the voice of the parents and for a long time examines their hands and surrounding objects. The main achievement is that the baby begins to recognize himself in the mirror. Moreover, often his own reflection makes him smile. Do not think that this is accidental - the child understands perfectly that it is he who is in the mirror. In the future such self-consciousness will only be strengthened.
Call on the name of a six-month- old baby, and he immediately reacts. Moreover, it is during this period that he begins to publish not just individual sounds, but connected syllables. Talk more often with the baby. You will be surprised with what interest he will listen to what you said. If the child is breastfeeding, then at the right moment he will make it clear that he wants a breast, pointing to it. At this time, nursing infants are taught to drink from a children's cup. The "artificers" who received juice, water and tea from a bottle, this skill is late.
By 7-8 months, the baby begins to recognize individual objects. He learns a complex emotional babble, directly conveying his mood. There are so-called "pseudo-words", with which the child expresses his attitude to what is happening. His games are already more conscious and controlled. The kid does not just wag his rattle, but plays with it, interacts and enjoys the process. Now the child distinguishes people, knowing the concepts of "one's own" and "another's".
At the age of 9-10 months the child can already perform simple commands, and sometimes already quite consciously, when necessary, calls his mother. For a baby, it's not a problem to show where the puppet has a nose, eyes, mouth, pens, etc. A kid at ten months will accurately give you exactly the thing you ask him, and even be able to perform an uncomplicated command (clapping , give the toy to the Pope, etc.) This is the psychology of interaction - the initial stage on the way to the development of communication skills. A departing person, he will wave after "while", and this is communication. It is important that the child learns to communicate now, mastering the rules and, if necessary, reconciling with them.
The psychological development of the baby is getting quite adult outlines by the year . The child already perfectly understands the word "impossible." Moreover, he perceives adequately the speech addressed to him. This period for the baby is very important, because his own speech begins to form. In some children, the development of up to a year goes more quickly, in others - a little slower. This is very individual and depends on many factors: the conditions in which the baby develops, heredity, and his natural abilities.
At this age the child is already beginning to express his consent and disagreement. He already understands what he wants, and what he does not like. The first psychological conflicts begin. The child tries to approve his preferences, objects, and is capricious. Although the one-year-old child does not yet build long-term relationships between emotions and actions. He still can not do anything to you "for evil." Simply, he tries to maintain maximum comfort for himself.