Only the doctor can make an accurate diagnosis. Do not bother the fallen, try to raise sharply. The injured person may have an injury to the cervical spine. But there can be a serious development of events: a person has no signs of life: there is no breath, a pulse is not felt, the pupils do not react to light. He has a chance of salvation - and he depends on those who are close. Scheme of action: check whether the airways are passable (whether there is no slack in the tongue, prosthesis). If necessary, release them. Then do artificial respiration and external (indirect) heart massage. Anyone who does not even have a medical education can learn these important techniques. And call the ambulance. Perform these actions in a matter of seconds - the faster, the better. In the first 1-2 minutes after stopping the heart of a person really bring back to life. Later, when an ambulance arrives, but he did not receive the necessary help - he has almost no chance of saving. Attention! Indirect heart massage and artificial respiration should be done if a person really does not breathe, he does not have a pulse and the pupils' reaction to light. In the presence of signs of life, such actions in some cases may even cause harm. The basics of providing first aid will help always and everywhere.
Strong cut
If a large vessel, vein or artery, is damaged, a person should be helped immediately. After all, for a short time, a lot of blood is lost. Determine which vessel is injured, you can by the color of the blood. From the artery it is bright red, scarlet, from the vein - dark red. When the affected artery should be very quickly put a tight bandage above the lesion. It is desirable that it was sterile. It is worth writing the exact time and attaching a note to the bandage. This is necessary for doctors (after all, if the vessel in a stretched state will stay too long - more than 2 hours, tissue necrosis may occur). If the vein is damaged, it is necessary to impose a tampon and also better sterile, tightly bandaging the wound. But in the field any suitable material will do. And it is necessary as soon as possible to deliver a person to the nearest medical institution.
I woke up - plaster
With closed fractures, it is important to fix the limb and the joints nearby. It all depends on the place of the fracture. If the radial bone is injured (a pair of forearm bone, located next to the ulna bone), it is enough to tie them with a kerchief. When other bones are injured (for example, brachial), it is necessary to apply a tire from any improvised means. For example, from boards, slats. They should be applied from the reverse side of the deformation site. For example, if the bone is bent forward - the langet is placed behind. If there are no improvised means, you can simply tie your arm to the trunk or the leg to the other leg. It is necessary to tie up the dress tightly but not too much, That's why it is better not to take off the clothes. In case of damage to the spine, never allow a person to climb
Current-shock
If an electric shock is necessary, immediately neutralize the source of the damage. Ideally - completely turn off the electricity. Either push the person away from the power outlet, iron, another electrical appliance, using an insulator - for example, a dry wooden stick. If possible, wear rubber gloves. Then call an ambulance. If there is someone else nearby, both these manipulations must be carried out in parallel. At the first moment, you can not touch a person hit by a shock. It is necessary to wait until it stops shaking, to take measures of salvation. If there are signs of life, you need to raise your legs, so that the blood better comes to the heart. On the lesion sites (the so-called "current labels" - sections of the entrance and exit of the electric current), sterile wipes are applied. Blankets, towels, plaids can not be used, so that the villi and threads do not get into the wounds. In a more difficult situation, you can try to do artificial respiration and indirect heart massage.
"Schizophrenia, as it was said"
The individual behaves in the style of Ivanushka from the famous Bulgakov novel "The Master and Margarita": he rushes, screams, tears someone to save-seek? Or does he have auditory or visual hallucinations? Independently help him you can not. An inadequate person needs to be isolated - preferably in a room without windows or with bars on them. And immediately call an ambulance.
Thermal burn
It can be of the 1st degree (redness and swelling on the skin), 2nd degree (blisters appear), 3rd degree A (partial necrosis of the skin), 3rd degree B (charring of the skin) and the heaviest burn 4 (damaged subcutaneous fat tissue, muscle, up to the bone). In the first case, it is sufficient to cool the skin and apply the remedy for burns - for example, panthenol. However, to cool the burned place follows water, but not ice - so that there is no frostbite of the tissues, which will worsen further epithelization (healing). In more serious cases, preparations from burns and any other fatty agents can not be applied. This will inhibit the healing of the wound. With a second degree burn, the burned area needs to be lubricated with a solution of an antiseptic (furacilin, chloracil, rivanol) around it. Blisters should never be opened - there is a risk of infection! If the damage is extensive (large areas of skin or groin area are burned), you should immediately consult a doctor. To help the doctor resorted and if the blister burst with an incomplete burn. You should cover the place with a cold, preferably sterile tissue (but do not press, do not tie it!) And go to the doctor. Heavier burns (3rd degree A, B, 4th degree) require immediate medical attention. Burnt clothes can not be removed - you can injure the skin. You can gently trim its edges. Do not under any circumstances manipulate the removal of pieces of clothing from the wound, do not apply any funds before the arrival of doctors.
Concussion
If the person is conscious, you need to put him on his back. Place a low pillow under your head. Limit movement - with severe concussion, you can not move by yourself. If you lose consciousness, you should put the person on their side. Check whether his airways are passable (clean them if necessary). Watch his breathing. Be sure to call an ambulance. To the doctor to address even at an easy trauma of a head - to check up presence or absence by a hematoma, other damages of a brain. Epilepsy Symptoms: seizures, foam from the mouth. The main thing is not to let a person lose language. It is necessary to insert any improvised means (for example, a stick) into the jaw and pull out the tongue. It is worthwhile to raise your head and keep a person well if it has cramps. Attention! Such measures should be taken if trained in these techniques. If you do not know how, do not take it. A person suffering from epilepsy can strongly bite the hand of someone who is providing him inept assistance.
I lost my senses
Did the man faint before you? If he heard the stunning news, a loss of consciousness could occur due to spasm of blood vessels. Or - due to lack of oxygen (if it was in a stuffy room). In this case it is better for him to unbutton his shirt to give free access 02. And raise his legs 45 degrees. To bring to the nose ammonia is not necessary - you can burn the mucous membrane. In order to bring a person to consciousness, it is necessary to apply ammonia to cotton wool and the loss of whiskey.
"It's you who ate something"
When food poisoning, first, recommend a person for 6 hours nothing to eat. If there is no vomiting and nausea, you need to drink water in small sips - in order to reduce the concentration of toxins and accelerate their withdrawal from the body. Suddenly, it is impossible to turn to a doctor, it is worth to drink activated charcoal (at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of weight - for example, with a body weight of 60 kg we take 6 tablets). When vomiting and nausea still bother, it is necessary to drink 1,5-2 liters of water in one session and go to the bathroom. This is a "home" gastric lavage. Has the temperature increased? With the help of drugs, we do not reduce it. It is best to drink water in small sips. If within 6 hours after the poisoning the improvements did not occur, be sure to come to the doctor's office. Attention! When helping with food poisoning, you need to be sure of the diagnosis. After all, if it is an attack of ulcers, gastric lavage is prohibited.
It's time to give birth
In the train or in another place the neighbor began to give birth? Before an ambulance arrives, you need to put a woman on your back or on your side, watch her breathing to be even. And in general, try to create a favorable atmosphere for her: calm her down, tell a story with a happy ending, include relaxing music. It is desirable that the future mother changed into clean clothes or took a shower (of course, if there is such a possibility). And rejoice - that you are present before the birth of a new life.