We are used to be touched, looking at how our children learn to speak. But only a few know that these amusing early years are also a very important period in the development of the child, which can not be missed. How correctly to develop speech at the child? What should I pay special attention to, and what is the principle of "nature will help"? And when should I go to a specialist for help? The answers to all these questions are given below.
Language and speech - this is what first of all distinguishes us, people, from animals. We have a so-called "signal system", through which we can pass on information to each other. The alarm system appears exclusively in the process of communication of the child with other people. The better we develop this system, the more we stimulate the ability to speak in it, the more intelligent and healthy it will grow. Of course, each child has a different speed of mastering the language, but the general principles still exist. Their knowledge will help you not to miss a possible lag and in time to sound the alarm.
FROM 1 TO YEAR SUMMER
What can a baby?
• Knows his name, as well as the names of close people and pets.
• His vocabulary is already 30-40 words.
• Begins to master more complex words, pronouncing them while in his children's version (cat - "kisya" or "ks-ks", grandmother - "baba", dog - "afa", etc.).
• Knows many verbs and actively uses them.
• Understands most of what he hears (even if he does not yet speak).
• Can perform simple requests ("bring panties", "pick up a bunny" ...).
• In a year and a half, there is a sharp jump in the development of speech: a child can begin to speak actively, even if he was silent or was not spoken.
How to behave to parents?
• Never mimic the child by carousing the words behind him, but on the contrary, correct him imperceptibly, each time pronouncing the word correctly.
• Talk to the baby as often as possible, accompany all your speeches and his actions with the speech.
• Patiently answer all questions, for example, "And what is this?", Which the child sooner or later starts to "fall asleep".
FROM SCHEDULE UP TO 3 YEARS
What can a baby?
• Has a vocabulary of 1000-1500 words.
• Understands the meaning of simple prepositions.
• By three years he uses all parts of speech and even puts verbs in the past tense.
• Uses not only specific, but also generalized concepts (a toy, a beast, food, etc.).
• Knows the time of day (morning, day).
• Asking questions "Where?", "Where?", "Where?", And by the age of three the main question is "Why?" (This means a new stage in his mental development).
• He says short sentences (in two or three words).
• Can tell about his thoughts and impressions.
How to behave to parents?
• It is believed that the earlier a child starts asking "Why?", The more valuable his mental development, the later, the more obvious is the delay. If at three years he does not ask this question yet, it is necessary to stimulate his interest in the world around him and ask himself: "Why is that? And why is that? "- and answer it yourself.
• Discuss what you see often on a walk, on TV.
• Be sure to play along with the child (into cubes, puppet theater, hospital, hide and seek ...).
• Review and discuss pictures with your child.
• Learn songs with him.
• Always read to him aloud before going to bed - best of all fairy tales (and always discuss the heroes).
WORD-BUILDING MEANS, HE KNOWS LANGUAGE
Everyone remembers K. Chukovsky's book "From two to five", in which the writer with great love analyzed children's speech and children's word-making - the period through which all children pass through this age. The book contains the results of this work: hilariously funny words that fly out of children completely spontaneously. "Pahnota" instead of "smell", "jump" instead of "jump", "I love you" instead of "I love you", "these boots are great, and these - little ones" instead of "small", "helping" instead of "help" . Different "scary", "smart", clamshell words - "bananas", "namakaronilsya", "tastes", etc. Such an invention of non-existent in the language, but at the same time formed with completely understandable logic of words, indicates that the child has learned the structure and algorithm of the language so well that it freely composes the language units. As for the harm or danger of children's word-making of the period "from two to five," you do not have to worry: if the family (and the environment of the child as a whole) speaks competently, the child will quickly figure out what words to leave in his everyday life, and with which without regret breake down.
FROM THE FIRST CRICK TO NORMAL SPEECH
1 month - carefully looks at you in the face shouts (when you are hungry, wet your diapers, your stomach hurts, etc.)
2 months - publishes guttural sounds responds to treatment, begins to smile
3 months - "revitalization complex": when referring to him, the child smiles, starts moving his arms and legs randomly, makes lingering, guttural sounds
4 months - loudly laughing, if they play with him crying with tears, when something is offended or displeased; makes sounds "aga", "argy", "ega", etc.
5 months - "sings": publishes lingering sounds of different height and duration, turns his head to the voice
6 months - bursting with a lisp (begins to say syllables "ba-ba-ba", "yes-da-da", "na-na-na" etc.), begins to understand the individual words ("give", "take" , "Throw", "where", etc.)
7 months - playing in the "ladushki"
8 months - active babbling
9 months - repeats sounds for adults. ("Yum-yum", "kys-kys")
10 months - imitates sounds and words
11 months - says goodbye (waves with a pen, says "for now"), knows the question "Where?", Pronounces the simplest words according to syllables: "mom", "dad" "give", etc.
12 months - can pronounce 8-10 words
MOTHERS ARE CAREFUL
The stages of the formation and development of speech in the child listed above should be taken rather arbitrarily. In this issue, options are possible. For example, as a result of a study conducted among children aged one year (not mentally retarded and not geeks), it turned out that the minimum dictionary of a child at this age can be only 4-5 words, and the maximum - 232! Some children say the first words in 10 months, and by the year they switch to proposals. Others persistently "keep silent" for about two years, taking off with primitive words, and then they seem to break through: they start talking a lot and variously, at once translating their passive stock into an asset. Both options are normal, but in some cases, parents should be concerned and consult a speech therapist:
• If the child does not master speech at all (for example, does not pronounce combinations of vowels and consonants) and lags far behind peers (except premature babies who usually develop with a lag of 1-2 months);
• If the child after two years continues to remain at the stage of autonomous speech (childish babbling), confuses cases and number, then it is necessary to check with the doctor-it is possible, he has a deviation, called alalia;
• If the child continues to mutilate the language to 5-6 years, this is a suspicion of dyspraxia (hypoplasia of the phonemic hearing), which requires treatment.
OPINION EXPERT:
Tamara Timofeevna BURAVKINA, children's speech therapist
Paradoxically, in modern civilized society there is a tendency to increase the deviations in the development of speech among children. Today, every fourth child of preschool age has a slow development of speech. Specialists attribute this, on the one hand, to the employment of parents and, consequently, to a lack of communication with the child, and on the other hand, to a decrease in the live communication of people in general in favor of television and the Internet. Another reason for the lag in speech development in a child may be excessive warning of adults. Communicating with the baby from day to day, it is easy to learn to understand all its difficult to recognize words. But then you will deprive him of the incentives to improve his speech. Meanwhile, there is a milestone (3-4 years), after which the "stuck" at the stage of autonomous speech becomes dangerous not only for the further development of your child's speech, but also for its overall development. Since correctly developing a speech in a child, you lay the "foundation" for his further successful life - it is worth taking this as seriously as possible. It is very important to develop the cognitive aspect of speech, which in preschool children is expressed in endless questions about the world around us. If adults behave insufficiently patiently (brush aside children, respond in monosyllabic way), children may stop asking their questions, and thus their mental development will be suspended.