In addition to protein compounds, fungi are also famous for the content of mineral salts, usually called minerals. Especially valuable in mushrooms are potassium salts, which contribute to the work of the heart muscle. Eating mushrooms is recommended for inflammatory diseases, anemia. They can be eaten, sitting on a diet - there are not many calories in mushrooms: 1 kg 320 vocals. Very often found in the forests and poisonous mushrooms, which are similar to edible and how to distinguish them - we'll show you.
Nourishing - insatiable
In terms of nutritional value, edible fungi are divided into 4 categories. Any mushroomer knows: the success of a mushroom march is not at all in the degree of filling the basket - it is measured in "white". It is the number of the most valuable and useful fungi that determines whether hunting was successful. The first category includes white, podberezoviki, mushrooms, honey-mushrooms and red-haired. To the second - the boletus, oysters, chanterelles, champignons and freckles. The third category includes valuy, mosses, black mushrooms, russules, podgruzdki. Mushrooms of the fourth group are considered to be of little value and are almost not popular with mushroom pickers - oyster mushrooms, dung beetles, govorushki, ryadovki, trutoviki. But, of course, such a unit is rather arbitrary.
Edible - inedible
First of all, the fungi are divided, of course, into edible, inedible, conditionally edible - these are those that require special (sometimes prolonged) culinary processing, and poisonous, which is dangerous for life.
- Edible. For consumption in food do not require pre-treatment (boiling or soaking). They should be thoroughly cleaned, rinsed and scalded with boiling water.
- Conditionally edible. They are "bitter", as our grandmothers said. That is, contain bitterness - poisonous substances that dissolve in water during boiling or render harmless by long-term storage of dried mushrooms. In this list we will meet all the familiar morels and mushrooms, which we love so salty, but which need to be soaked for a long time in salted water and boiled to remove bitterness.
- Inedible mushrooms. They just do not contain toxic substances. They are not eaten simply because they are terribly tasteless or have an unpleasant odor that is not removed by any treatment. This, for example, bile fungus.
- Poisonous. They contain toxins - poisonous substances that cause severe poisoning, often even deadly.
Take - do not take
The end of summer and the beginning of autumn are the most mushroom time. Probably, a rare person does not like to walk in a quiet summer forest with a basket. But even these walks have rules.
■ The most "mushroom" time is early morning. Better - after 6 am.
■ The most "mushroom" weather - after a warm rain. It's called "mushroom". If the evening was a fine warm rain - in the morning wait for the mushrooms. Collect mushrooms in wicker (breathing) containers - baskets, basins. In plastic bags, they quickly break down and "choke".
- You can not collect mushrooms near highways, railways, factories and, especially, in cities. Although sometimes under the trees near the entrance there is no-no, but you'll see the looking hat of the town champignon. Mushrooms have the property of absorbing harmful substances from the soil and air and are excellent accumulators of toxic substances (heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides).
- You can not collect unfamiliar mushrooms - this is known even to small children. And "just in case - suddenly it turns out to be good" you do not need to do this. It is not very good if the "stranger" contacts the basket with its edible neighbors.
- You can not collect rotten, even edible, mushrooms. Even if the rotten part is removed, the taste and useful qualities of the fungus have already suffered.
- It is not necessary to collect overripe, soft and wormy mushrooms - there is little sense from them, and, as is known, worms mushrooms quickly - the rest of the crop will soon deteriorate.
- It would be nice to buy a directory about mushrooms to be able to refresh the memory of the signs of edible and inedible representatives. Very often poisoning with false mushrooms, which are outwardly similar to edible and randomly collected with them. So it is necessary to study well the common features of fungi and to know the characteristic differences of poisonous species.
- Poisoning with mushrooms
Poisoning by mushrooms is considered one of the most severe and dangerous food poisoning. Symptoms from different mushrooms are different. So at the first suspicion - search for an opportunity to communicate with physicians.
Causes
• An error occurred during the collection of mushrooms. The toxicity of the fungi themselves, the accumulation of harmful substances (heavy metals, etc.) in the growth process of the fungus.
• Defeat of fungi by pests,
in particular, mushroom flies.
• Long storage of collected mushrooms without processing or already prepared mushrooms.
What to do
• plentiful drink: 4-5 cups of boiled water at room temperature, you can with soda (1/2 tsp per glass) or a light pink solution of potassium permanganate to induce vomiting;
• Immediately after washing the stomach give a laxative and make an enema (you can have a weak chamomile broth);
• put the victim in bed, apply warm heaters to your hands and feet;
• constantly give the patient a warm drink, with a sharp weakness - strong tea;
• Seek medical attention, especially if the child has been affected.
Attention! Some types of fungi are incompatible with alcohol. If you do not have a goal to teach a familiar drunkard, never use it as a snack, for example, koprinus (gray dung). By the way, he will not bring harm to a sober person.
Be careful: children!
For children, many fungi are much more dangerous than for adults, so the use of even "good" mushrooms by children should be limited. The immature baby's body is very sensitive to various poisons, and some toxic substances can do him great harm.
By mushrooms - to the market
If there is no time or skill to collect mushrooms yourself, you can buy them on the market. At purchase it is necessary to examine attentively mushrooms - whether there are no bruises, damages. Do not buy mushrooms, torn from the root. Look at the cut of the legs. It should be fresh, not weather-beaten, the edges are even, not bent. The hats should not have any sunspots or dark brown spots. If the mushrooms are flabby, they should not be bought. Do not buy mushrooms in plastic bags. Problems with the stomach can cause and edible fungi, but not always poisoning, although the primary symptoms are very similar. Mushrooms are heavy food. The chitinous membrane is poorly digested, and some GIT simply do not cope with such a load. Digestive disorders can also cause old, overripe fungi that have accumulated their own metabolic products. Improper culinary processing or storage of mushrooms happens, is fraught with salmonella, staphylococcus or other intestinal infection. But the main threat to health is poisonous mushrooms. First of all - a pale toadstool, which is often confused with a drop, champignon, green russula. When poisoning this fungus, vomiting and diarrhea are so strong that a person can die from dehydration. In mushroom poisonings there is a latent period - the symptoms begin to show up soon. In a pale toadstool, this period can last up to a day. Be careful when going out for mushroom hunting!
It is worth remembering
Too often excessive consumption of mushrooms, even the first category, is harmful. Mushrooms are hard-to-digest food and, with a large volume of semi-digested mass in the digestive tract, intoxication can develop. Many believe that the "mushroom" age for children comes at 7 years. In fact - to use mushrooms in children's nutrition can be after 3 years. But not earlier. This is due to the fact that mushrooms are rather difficult to digest due to the presence of chitin in their composition - plant fiber, which interferes with digestibility of nutrients, and also causes irritation of the intestinal mucosa. Give mushrooms to children with various diseases of the digestive tract, kidneys, cardiovascular system, suffering from metabolic disorders, should not be. But even for the nutrition of healthy children older than 3 years old, as well as pickled and salted mushrooms can not be used. Mushrooms are a perishable product. With prolonged storage, proteins, fats, carbohydrates of fungi begin to disintegrate, which leads to the formation of toxic compounds. Poisoning with fungi for a child's body is much more dangerous than for an adult. If after the consumption of fungi the child has a general malaise, vomiting, diarrhea, impaired vision, convulsions, anxiety, inadequacy, discoloration, etc., this is the reason to call an ambulance. If the child is conscious, while waiting for the doctors, he should give him a cold salted water (1 tablespoon of salt per 1 liter of water). You can also give the child an enterosorbent (activated charcoal or any other). After the arrival of the ambulance, I strongly disagree with the consultation in the hospital or the proposed hospitalization. The price of this decision can be the life of your child.