Every year, the number of children with developmental disabilities is growing. Psychomotor development of a child is a very complex process, based on a genetic program. And any unfavorable situation that affects the child's developing brain can cause deviations in psychomotor development.
Existing types of deviations
The deviation of psychomotor development is revealed in different ways, it all depends on the time of a bad impact on the child's brain, the duration of exposure, social conditions, the hereditary structure of the central nervous system - all this together determines the main defect, manifested as insufficient development of motor, hearing, vision, intelligence, speech, behavioral disorders and emotional-volitional sphere.
It happens that a child has several violations at once - a complex defect, for example, loss of motor and hearing, or hearing and vision. In this case, the primary disorder and its complicating disorders are identified. In a child, for example, there is a violation of mental development, which is accompanied by defects in hearing, vision, and musculoskeletal apparatus, emotional affections may appear. The listed defects can be caused by underdevelopment or damage. Even a small lesion of the children's brain affects the entire development of the central nervous system. Therefore, if a child has hearing impairment, musculoskeletal system, speech or vision, then it is necessary to introduce corrective measures, otherwise the child will lag behind in mental development.
Violations are divided into primary and secondary. In children with insufficiently developed hearing (primary disorder), it is very difficult to form coherent speech and vocabulary (secondary disorders). And if the child has a visual defect, then he will experience difficulties, since it is difficult for him to correlate words with designated objects.
Secondary disorders affect speech, arbitrary regulation of activity, spatial representations, fine differentiated motor skills, that is, the mental functions actively developing in a child at an early age and preschool are affected. In the development of secondary disorders, the untimely or complete absence of corrective, curative and pedagogical measures plays an important role.
It is worth noting that in children, the disturbances of psychomotor development are persistent (they are formed with organic damages of the children's brain), but are reversible (they are formed with somatic weakness, mild brain dysfunction, emotional deprivation, pedagogical neglect). Reversible disorders are usually found at an early age - the child has a lag in the development of speech and motor skills. But timely carrying out of medical-corrective measures will help to overcome such violations completely.
Principles of correction
Any psycho-pedagogical correction with preschoolers with pathologies in development is based on a number of principles - the principle of accessibility, systemic, individual approach, consistency. In addition to these principles, there is a main principle - ontogenetic, which takes into account psychophysical, age characteristics in children, as well as the nature of violations. This principle consists in corrective work aimed at eliminating or smoothing, compensating or correcting intellectual, speech, emotional, sensory and motor defects, creating a full-fledged foundation for further personality formation, which can be created only when developing key development links.
Thanks to the plasticity of the cerebral cortex, it is possible to realize the development of the child in a way that does not depend on pathological conditions, even if these conditions are very difficult.
Before embarking on correctional work, the child is determined by the remaining links in the visual, motor, speech, and motor systems. Only after this, based on the data received, the specialists begin corrective work.